The English name of 'Singapore' is an anglicisation of the native Malay name for the country, Singapura, which was in turn derived from the Sanskrit word for 'lion city' ( romanised: Siб№ѓhapura Brahmi: р‘ЂІр‘Ђєр‘ЂЃр‘Ђір‘Ђ§р‘Ђјр‘Ђ literally 'lion city' siб№ѓha means 'lion', pura means 'city' or 'fortress'). Singapore is also a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, East Asia Summit, Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth of Nations. One of the five founding members of ASEAN, Singapore is also the headquarters of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Secretariat, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) Secretariat, and many international conferences and events. While elections are considered generally free, the government exercises significant control over politics and society, and the People's Action Party has ruled continuously since independence. Singapore is a unitary parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. Singaporeans enjoy one of the longest life expectancies, fastest Internet connection speeds, lowest infant mortality rates and lowest levels of corruption in the world. Singapore is placed highly in key social indicators: education, healthcare, quality of life, personal safety, and housing, with a home-ownership rate of 91 percent. It is a major financial and shipping hub, has consistently ranked the most expensive city to live in since 2013, and has been identified as a tax haven. Singapore is the only country in Asia with a AAA sovereign rating from all major rating agencies. Ideological differences led to Singapore being expelled from the federation two years later and it became an independent country.ДЄfter early years of turbulence and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the Four Asian Tigers based on external trade, becoming a highly developed country it is ranked ninth on the UN Human Development Index and has the second-highest GDP per capita (PPP) in the world. Singapore gained self-governance in 1959 and in 1963 became part of the new federation of Malaysia, alongside Malaya, North Borneo, and Sarawak. During the Second World War, Singapore was occupied by Japan in 1942, and returned to British control as a separate crown colony following Japan's surrender in 1945. In 1867, the colonies in Southeast Asia were reorganised and Singapore came under the direct control of Britain as part of the Straits Settlements. Modern Singapore was founded in 1819 by Sir Stamford Raffles as a trading post of the British Empire. Multiracialism is enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape national policies in education, housing, and politics. With a multicultural population and recognising the need to respect cultural identities, Singapore has four official languages English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. It has the third greatest population density in the world. The country's territory is composed of one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet, the combined area of which has increased by 25% since the country's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects. It lies about one degree of latitude (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Straits of Malacca to the west, the Riau Islands ( Indonesia) to the south, and the South China Sea to the east. Singapore ( / Л€ s ЙЄ Е‹( ЙЎ) Й™ p Й”Лђr/ ( listen)), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island city-state in maritime Southeast Asia.

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